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"Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Studies In Rats With Antimony(III) oxide (Sb 2O 3)". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. "Refinement of the crystal structure of cubic antimony(III) oxide, Sb 2O 3". "Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride". : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). ^ a b NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.^ a b c d Record of Antimony trioxide in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 23 August 2017.No other human health hazards were identified for antimony(III) oxide, and no risks to human health and the environment were identified from the production and use of antimony trioxide in daily life. Its TLV is 0.5 mg/m 3, as for most antimony compounds. Antimony(III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.Īntimony(III) oxide has suspected carcinogenic potential for humans.Some specialty pigments contain antimony.Antimony(III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings. The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars. The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. The annual consumption of antimony(III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite. Above 606 ☌, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers. This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°. The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. Sb 4O 6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide. Dimeric Sb 4O 6 is the high temperature (1560 ☌) gas. The structure of Sb 2O 3 depends on the temperature of the sample. When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH) 2 With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced. When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal. With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide. Antimony(III) oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
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It dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO 2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate. The reaction can be schematically described by:Ĥ Sb + 3 O 2 → 2 Sb 2O 3 Properties Īntimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide. The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow. Antimony(III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters. Step 2) The crude antimony(III) oxide is purified by sublimation.Īntimony metal is oxidized to antimony(III) oxide in furnaces. Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude antimony(III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 ☌. Re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide
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These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Several processes for the production of crude antimony(III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material. Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. Īs of 2010, antimony(III) oxide was produced at four sites in EU27. China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%). Global production of antimony(III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. 1.1 Re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide.